Textbook in PDF format

Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Introduction
Evolution—From an Art Form to an Engineering Discipline
Evolution of an Art into an Engineering Discipline
Evolution Pattern for Engineering Disciplines
A Solution to the Software Crisis
Software Development Projects
Programs versus Products
Types of Software Development Projects
Software Projects Being Undertaken by Indian Companies
Exploratory Style of Software Development
Perceived Problem Complexity: An Interpretation Based on Human
Cognition Mechanism
Principles Deployed by Software Engineering to Overcome Human
Cognitive Limitations
Emergence of Software Engineering
Early Computer Programming
High-level Language Programming
Control Flow-based Design
Data Structure-oriented Design
Data Flow-oriented Design
Object-oriented Design
What Next
Other Developments
Notable Changes in Software Development Practices
Computer Systems Engineering
Summary
Exercises
Software Life Cycle Models
A Few Basic Concepts
Waterfall Model and Its Extensions
Classical Waterfall Model
Iterative Waterfall Model
V-Model
Prototyping Model
Incremental Development Model
Evolutionary Model
Rapid Application Development (RAD
Working of RAD
Applicability of RAD Model
Comparison of RAD with Other Models
Agile Development Models
Essential Idea behind Agile Models
Agile versus Other Models
Extreme Programming Model
Scrum
Lean Software Development
Spiral Model
Phases of the Spiral Model
A Comparison of Different Life Cycle Models
Selecting an Appropriate Life Cycle Model for a Project
Summary
Exercises
Software Project Management
Software Project Management Complexities
Responsibilities of a Software Project Manager
Job Responsibilities for Managing Software Projects
Skills Necessary for Managing Software Projects
Project Planning
Sliding Window Planning
The SPMP Document of Project Planning
Metrics for Project Size Estimation
Lines of Code (LOC
Function Point (FP) Metric
Project Estimation Techniques
Empirical Estimation Techniques
Heuristic Techniques
Analytical Estimation Techniques
Empirical Estimation Techniques
Expert Judgement
Delphi Cost Estimation
COCOMO—A Heuristic Estimation Technique
Basic COCOMO Model
Intermediate COCOMO
Complete COCOMO
COCOMO
Halstead’s Software Science—An Analytical Technique
Length and Vocabulary
Program Volume
Potential Minimum Volume
Effort and Time
Length Estimation
Staffing Level Estimation
Norden’s Work
Putnam’s Work
Jensen’s Model
0 Scheduling
0 Work Breakdown Structure
0 Activity Networks
0 Critical Path Method (CPM
0 PERT Charts
0 Gantt Charts
Organisation and Team Structures
Organisation Structure
Team Structure
Staffing
Risk Management
Risk Management Approaches
Risk Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Mitigation
Boehm’s Top 0 Risks and Counter Measures
Software Configuration Management
Necessity of Software Configuration Management
Configuration Management Activities
Summary
Exercises
Requirements Analysis and Specification
Requirements Gathering and Analysis
Requirements Gathering
Requirements Analysis
Software Requirements Specification (SRS
Users of SRS Document
Why Spend Time and Resource to Develop an SRS Document
Characteristics of a Good SRS Document
Attributes of Bad SRS Documents
Important Categories of Customer Requirements
Functional Requirements
How to Identify the Functional Requirements
How to Document the Functional Requirements
Traceability
0 Organisation of the SRS Document
Techniques for Representing Complex Logic
Formal System Specification
What is a Formal Technique
Operational Semantics
Axiomatic Specification
Algebraic Specification
Auxiliary Functions
Structured Specification
Executable Specification And GL
Summary
Exercises
Software Design
Overview of the Design Process
Outcome of the Design Process
Classification of Design Activities
Classification of Design Methodologies
How to Characterise a Good Software Design
Understandability of a Design: A Major Concern
Cohesion and Coupling
Classification of Cohesiveness
Classification of Coupling
Layered Arrangement of Modules
Approaches to Software Design
Function-oriented Design
Object-oriented Design
Summary
Exercises
Function-Oriented Software Design
Overview of SA/SD Methodology
Structured Analysis
Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs
Developing the DFD Model of a System
Context Diagram
Level DFD
Extending DFD Technique to make it Applicable to Real-time
Systems
Structured Design
Transformation of a DFD Model into Structure Chart
Detailed Design
Design Review
Summary
Exercises
Object Modelling Using UML
Basic Object-Orientation Concepts
Basic Concepts
Class Relationships
How to Identify Class Relationships
Other Key Concepts
Related Technical Terms
Advantages and Disadvantages of OOD
Unified Modelling Language (UML
Origin of UML
Evolution of UML
UML Diagrams
Use Case Model
Representation of Use Cases
Why Develop the Use Case Diagram
How to Identify the Use Cases of a System
Essential Use Case versus Real Use Case
Factoring of Commonality among Use Cases
Use Case Packaging
Class Diagrams
Interaction Diagrams
Activity Diagram
State Chart Diagram
Postscript
Package, Component, and Deployment Diagrams
UML 0
Summary
Exercises
Object-Oriented Software Development
Introduction to Patterns
Basic Pattern Concepts
Types of Patterns
More Pattern Concepts
Some Common Design Patterns
An Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) Methodology
Unified Process
Overview of the OOAD Methodology
Use Case Model Development
Domain Modelling
Identification of Entity Objects
Booch’s Object Identification Method
Interaction Modelling
Class-Responsibility-Collaborator (CRC) Cards
Applications of the Analysis and Design Process
OOD Goodness Criteria
Summary
Exercises
User Interface Design
Characteristics of a Good User Interface
Basic Concepts
User Guidance and On-line Help
Mode-based versus Modeless Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI) versus Text-based User Interface
Types of User Interfaces
Command Language-based Interface
Menu-based Interface
Direct Manipulation Interfaces
Fundamentals of Component-based GUI Development
Window System
Types of Widgets
An Overview of X-Window/MOTIF
X Architecture
Size Measurement of a Component-based GUI
A User Interface Design Methodology
Implications of Human Cognition Capabilities on User Interface
Design
A GUI Design Methodology
Summary
Exercises
0 Coding and Testing
0 Coding
0 Coding Standards and Guidelines
0 Code Review
0 Code Walkthrough
0 Code Inspection
0 Cleanroom Technique
0 Software Documentation
0 Internal Documentation
0 External Documentation
0 Testing
0 Basic Concepts and Terminologies
0 Testing Activities
0 Why Design Test Cases
0 Testing in the Large versus Testing in the Small
0 Tests as Bug Filters
0 Unit Testing
0 Black-Box Testing
0 Equivalence Class Partitioning
0 Boundary Value Analysis
0 Summary of the Black-box Test Suite Design Approach
0 White-Box Testing
0 Basic Concepts
0 Statement Coverage
0 Branch Coverage
0 Condition Coverage
0 Condition and Decision Coverage
0 Multiple Condition Coverage
0 Multiple Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC
0 Path Coverage
0 McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity Metric
00 Data Flow-based Testing
0 Mutation Testing
0 Debugging
0 Debugging Approaches
0 Debugging Guidelines
0 Program Analysis Tools
0 Static Analysis Tools
0 Dynamic Analysis Tools
00 Integration Testing
00 Phased versus Incremental Integration Testing
0 Testing Object-Oriented Programs
0 What is a Suitable Unit for Testing Object-oriented Programs
0 Do Various Object-orientation Features Make Testing Easy
0 Why are Traditional Techniques Considered Not Satisfactory for
Testing Object-oriented Programs
0 Grey-Box Testing of Object-oriented Programs
0 Integration Testing of Object-oriented Programs
0 System Testing
0 Smoke Testing
0 Performance Testing
0 Error Seeding
0 Some General Issues Associated with Testing
Summary
Exercises
Software Reliability and Quality Management
Software Reliability
Hardware versus Software Reliability
Reliability Metrics of Software Products
Reliability Growth Modelling
Statistical Testing
Steps in Statistical Testing
Software Quality
Software Quality Models
Software Quality Management System
Evolution of Quality Systems
Product Metrics versus Process Metrics
ISO 000
What is ISO 000 Certification
ISO 000 for Software Industry
Why Get ISO 000 Certification
How to Get ISO 000 Certification
Summary of ISO 00 Requirements
Salient Features of ISO 00 Requirements
ISO 000-000
Shortcomings of ISO 000 Certification
SEI Capability Maturity Model
Comparison between ISO 000 Certification and SEI/CMM
Is SEI CMM Applicable to Small Organisations
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI
Few Other Important Quality Standards
Six Sigma
Summary
Exercises
Computer Aided Software Engineering
CASE and Its Scope
CASE Environment
Benefits of CASE
CASE Support in Software Life Cycle
Prototyping Support
Structured Analysis and Design
Code Generation
Test Case Generator
Other Characteristics of CASE Tools
Hardware and Environmental Requirements
Documentation Support
Project Management
External Interface
Reverse Engineering Support
Data Dictionary Interface
Tutorial and Help
Towards Second Generation CASE Tool
Architecture of a CASE Environment
Summary
Exercises
Software Maintenance
Characteristics of Software Maintenance
Characteristics of Software Evolution
Special Problems Associated with Software Maintenance
Software Reverse Engineering
Software Maintenance Process Models
Estimation of Maintenance Cost
Summary
Exercises
Software Reuse
What can be Reused
Why Almost no Reuse So Far
Basic Issues in any Reuse Program
A Reuse Approach
Domain Analysis
Component Classification
Searching
Repository Maintenance
Reuse without Modifications
Reuse at Organisation Level
Current State of Reuse
Summary
Exercises
Emerging Trends
Client-Server Software
Client-Server Architectures
CORBA
CORBA Reference Model
CORBA ORB Architecture
CORBA Implementations
Software Development in CORBA
COM/DCOM
COM
DCOM
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA
Service-oriented Architecture (SOA): Nitty-Gritty
Software as a Service (SaaS
Summary
Exercises
References
Index
Back cover