Textbook in PDF format

A matter exists in either the solid state or the fluid state. The fluid state is further divided into the
liquid and the gaseous states. In fact the same matter may exist in any one of the three states viz.,
solid, liquid and gaseous. For example water, which ordinarily occurs in a liquid state, may also
occur under natural conditions in a solid state as ice and in a gaseous state as vapour. The solids,
liquids and gases exhibit different characteristics on account of their different molecular structure.
All substances consist of vast numbers of molecules separated by empty space. The molecules arecontinuously moving within the substance and they have an attraction for each other, but when thedistance between them becomes very small (of the order of the diameter of the molecule) there is a force of repulsion between the molecules which pushes them apart. In solids the molecules are very closely spaced, but in liquids the spacing between the molecules is relatively large and in gases the space between the molecules is still larger. As such in a given volume a solid contains a large number of molecules, a liquid contains relatively less number of molecules and a gas contains much less number of molecules. It thus follows that in solids the force of attraction between the molecules is large on account of which there is very little movement of molecules within the solid mass and hence solids possess compact and rigid form. In liquids the force of attraction between the molecules is relatively less due to which the molecules can move freely within the liquid mass, but the force of attraction between the molecules is sufficient to keep the liquid together in a definite volume. In gases the force of attraction between the molecules is much less due to which the molecules of gases have greater freedom of movement so that the gases fill completely the container in which they areplaced. It may, however, be stated that inspite of the larger mobility and spacing of the molecules of fluids, for mechanical analysis a fluid is considered to be continuum i.e., a continuous distribution of matter with no voids or empty spaces. This assumption is justifiable because ordinarily the fluids involved in most of the e ngineering problems have large number of molecules and the distances between them are small.
Properties of fluids
Fluid pressure and its measurement
Hydrostatic forces on surfaces
Buoyancy and floatation
Liquids in relative equilibrium
Fundamentals of fluid flow
Equations of motion and energy equation
Impulse momentum equation and its applications
Flow through orifices and mouthpieces
Flow over notches and weirs
Flow through pipes
Boundary layer theory
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow in pipes
Flow in open channels
Non-uniform flow in channels
Dimensional analysis, hydraulic similitude and model investigation
Fluid flow around submerged objects—drag and lift
Flow of compressible fluids
Impact of free jets
Hydraulic turbines
Performance of turbines
Reciprocating pumps
Centrifugal pumps
Miscellaneous hydraulic machines
Elements of hydrology
Water power engineering
Fluvial hydraulic
Flow measurement and laboratory experiments