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This book presents an authoritative review of analytical methods used for diagnostics, medical therapy and for forensic purposes. Divided into 4 parts, the book discusses new challenges in bioanalytics, covers bioanalysis as a source of clinical, pharmaceutical and forensic information, explores natural resources as a source of biologically active compounds, and offers new analytical strategies and equipment solutions. Written by interdisciplinary expert academics, this work will appeal to a wide readership of students, researchers and professionals interested in the fields of medicine, chemistry, pharmaceutical, life and health sciences, engineering and environmental protection. Clinicians and employees of forensic laboratories will also find this work instructive and informative.
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
Bioanalysis as a Source of Information for Diagnosis, Medical Therapy, and Forensic Purposes
Bioanalytics in In Vitro and In Vivo Transformation of Biologically Active Compounds for the Needs of Biomedical Diagnostics
Introduction
Metabolism of Biologically Active Compounds
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Analytical Methods in the Determination and Identification of Drugs in Biological Samples
Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography in Drug Analysis
Application of Electrochemistry and Mass Spectrometry in the ``-omics´´ Sciences
In Vitro Biological Systems for Drug Metabolism Studies
Conclusions
References
Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis in Neurodegenerative Disorders´ Research
Introduction
Biological Basis of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis
Top-Down Approach: Analysis of Intact Proteins
Bottom-Up Approach: Analysis of Enzymatically Cleaved Proteins
Sample Preparation: Extraction of Proteins
In-Gel Protein Digestion: Qualitative Proteomic Analysis and Identification of Posttranslational Modifications
Shotgun Proteomic Analysis: Relative and Absolute Protein Quantitation
Relative Protein Quantification
Absolute Protein Quantification
Application of Proteomic Analysis in Study of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Analysis of Brain Tissues Obtained Postmortem: Proteins´ Signature and Altered Biochemical Pathways
Searching for Protein Biomarkers
Posttranslational Modifications in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Conclusion
References
Medical Bioanalytics: Separation Techniques in Medical Diagnostics of Neurological Diseases and Disorders on Selected Exampl...
Introduction
Potential of Medical Bioanalytics
Classification of Bioanalytical Techniques
Separation Techniques in Medical Diagnostics of Neurological Diseases and Disorders on Selected Examples
Conclusions
References
Analysis of Endogenous Metabolites in Human Matrices
Introduction
Blood
Urine
Tissues
Saliva
Exhaled Breath
Unconventional Biological Matrices in Bioanalytical Research
Conclusions
References
Analytics of Antisense Oligonucleotides
Introduction
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Preparation of Antisense Oligonucleotide Samples for Chromatographic Analyses
Protein Precipitation
Enzymatic Digestion
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Solid-Phase Extraction
Hybridization
Chromatographic Analysis of Antisense Oligonucleotides
IP RP HPLC
IEC
HILIC
SEC
Determination of Antisense Oligonucleotides
Conclusions
References
Analytical Approaches to Assessment of Phospholipid Metabolism in Physiology and Pathology
Introduction
Assessment of the Lipidome in the Physiology or Pathophysiology of the Cell and Organism
Phospholipid Metabolism
Preparation of Biological Material for the Analysis of Phospholipids and Their Metabolites
Analytical Approach to the Assessment of Phospholipid Profiles: Classical and Large-Scale Analysis
Analysis of Fatty Acids (Phospholipid and Free)
Assessment of the Phospholipid Peroxidation Process
Evaluation of Enzymatic Phospholipid Metabolism
Endocannabinoids
Eicosanoids
Conclusion
References
Analytical Strategies and Applications in Lipidomics
Introduction
Lipidomics
Lipids: Chemical Structure
Final Determination Techniques Used in Lipidomics
Determination of Lipids in Biological Material Using the Technique of Direct Introduction of the Lipid Extract into the Ioniza...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Sample Preparation Techniques in Lipidomics
Analytical Strategies in Lipidomics Based on Mass Spectrometry
Untargeted Lipidomics: Data Analysis
Preliminary Data Processing
Statistical and Chemometric Analysis and Relative Quantification of Metabolomics and Untargeted Lipidomics
Lipidomics: Applications
Lipidomics of Staphylococcus aureus
Lipidomics of Human Milk
Conclusions
References
Lipidomics in Morbid Obesity
Introduction
Morbid Obesity: A Civilization Problem
Lipids: Bioactive Compounds of Interest
Analytical Strategies for Fatty Acid Analysis in Biological Samples
Alterations of Fatty Acid Profile in Adipose Tissue and Serum of Patients with Morbid Obesity
Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity
Disturbances of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity
The Role of Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles Disturbance in Obesity
Unusual Fatty Acids and Their Role in Obesity
Cyclic Fatty Acids
Branched-Chain and Odd-Chain Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids and Metabolic Diseases
Conclusions
References
Analysis of Basic Psychotropic Drugs in Biological Fluids and Tissues by RP-HPLC Method
Introduction
Sample Preparation
Centrifugation
Protein Precipitation (PP)
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)
Solid-Liquid Extraction
Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
Microextraction
Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe)
RP-HPLC
Mobile Phases Containing Water and Organic Modifier
Mobile Phases Containing Additive of Salt
Mobile Phases with Acidic pH
Mobile Phases with Basic pH
Mobile Phases with Addition of Silanol Blockers
Stationary Phases
Separation of Enantiomers of Psychotropic Drugs
Conclusions
References
Detection of Psychoactive Substances Used in Doping: Screening and Confirmation Procedures
Introduction
S6. Stimulants
S7. Narcotics
S8. Cannabinoids
Initial Testing Procedures (ITP)
Non-threshold Substances
Threshold Substances
Confirmation Procedures (CPs)
Non-threshold Substances: Qualitative Confirmation Procedures
Threshold Substances: Quantitative Confirmation Procedures
Detection of Psychoactive Substances
Initial Testing Procedures (ITPs) for Psychoactive Substances
Confirmation Procedures (CPs) for Psychoactive Substances
Phenylethylamine Derivatives: Modifications
Cocaine: Interpretation and Time
Morphine and Other Opioids: Complexity of Metabolism
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Synthetic Cannabinoids
A Brief Discussion of Ephedrines: Biotransformation
Conclusion
References
Application of Separation Techniques in Analytics of Biologically Relevant Sulfur Compounds
Introduction
Role in the Body
Low-Molecular-Mass Thiols
Homocysteine Thiolactone and Its Metabolites
Albumin and Coenzyme A
Thiosulfates, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Its Transformation Products
Problems Accompanying the Determination of Sulfur Compounds
Body Fluids as the Most Frequently Analyzed Biological Material
Sampling and Storage
Preparation of the Sample for Analysis
Homogenization
Disulfides Reduction
Derivatization
Proteins Removal
Separation Techniques in the Determination of Selected Sulfur-Containing Compounds
Liquid Chromatography
Capillary Electrophoresis
Gas Chromatography
Conclusions
References
Application of Planar Chromatography in Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Toxicological Analysis
Introduction
Planar Chromatography in Toxicological Analysis
Enantiomer Purity Studies
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Hospital Practice
Conclusions
References
Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Biological Matrices
Introduction
Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Bacteria
Hydrocarbons
Ketones
Aldehydes
Esters
Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
Sulfur Compounds
Acids
Alcohols, Phenols, and Aromatic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Tests for Detection of Bacteria
VOCs as a Potential Markers of Diseases
Stool Samples
Urine Samples
Infected Tissues
Saliva as a Diagnostic Matrix for VOC Investigations
Potential Biomarkers in Saliva
Exhaled Air
Conclusions
References
Human Milk and Xenobiotics
Introduction
Breast Milk
Sample Preparation Method of Environmental Contaminants
Organic Contaminants
Heavy Metals
Pharmaceuticals
Mycotoxins
Identification of Xenobiotics in Human Milk
Summary
References
Recent Advances in the Forensic Dating of Blood Traces: A Minireview
Introduction
Physicochemical Processes Accompanying the Aging of Bloodstains
Spectroscopic Techniques of Bloodstain Dating
Color Analysis and UV-Vis Spectroscopy Techniques
Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)
Raman Spectroscopy
Redefining the Problem of Time: An Approach of Modified Relative Dating
External Factors Influencing Degradation Process of Bloodstains
Substituting a Case-Suited Comparison Approach for the Conventional Dating of Blood Traces
Conclusions
References
Analysis of Biological Samples Using Vibrational Spectroscopy Methods
Introduction
Raman Microspectroscopy in the Study of Cells and Tissues of a Living Organism
Raman Microspectroscopy in the Study of Human Cells
Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis in the Study of Human Cells
The Analysis of Pathological Erythrocytes in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections
Raman Microspectroscopy in the Study of Healthy Brain Tissue
Raman Microspectroscopy Studies of Epileptic Brain Tissue
Analysis of Writing Paper for Forensic Purposes
Aging of Paper
Spectrometric Methods of Analyzing Paper
Differentiation of Paper Samples on the Basis of Their State of Preservation: Model Experiments
Subject of the Examinations
Methods of Spectrum Interpretation
Results
Summary
References
Elemental Hair Analysis: An Overview of Preparation Procedures and Applications
Introduction
Hair Structure
The Hair Cycle
Elemental Hair Analysis as an Alternative to Blood and Urine Testing
Preparation of Hair Samples Before the Elemental Analysis Step
Various Aspects of Human Hair Application
Conclusion
References
Bioimaging of Elements in Clinical Tissues: Oral Mucosa, Arterial Walls, and Teeth, by LA-ICPMS
Introduction
Technical Aspects of the Analysis of Clinical Samples
Calibration in the LA-ICPMS
Bioimaging of Elements in Clinical Samples
Examination of the Oral Mucosa After Direct Contact with Dental Implants
Examination of Blood Vessels of Patients with Atherosclerosis
Examination of the Migration of Elements from Dental Fillings to the Hard Tissues of Teeth
Conclusions
References
Determination of Metabolites of Selected Thermally Treated Food-derived Mutagens and Carcinogens in Biological Material
Introduction
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (HAAs)
Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Activity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
Human Exposure to HAAs
Determination of HAAs, Their Metabolites, and Adducts in Body Fluids and Tissues
HAAs and Their Metabolites in Urine
HAAs Adducts with Blood Proteins
Determination of DNA Adducts of HAAs in Tissues
DNA Adducts in Saliva
Hair as an Optimal Biological Material for the Evaluation of the Exposure to HAAs
Instrumental Methods Used for HAAs, Their Metabolites, and Adducts Determination
Acrylamide (AAM)
Biological Activity of Acrylamide
Determination of AAM and Its Metabolites in Biological Material
Acrylamide and Its Metabolites in Urine
AAM and GA Adducts with Hemoglobin
Acrylamide in Tissues
Methods of Determination of AAM, Its Metabolites and Adducts, and Their Isolation from Biological Material
Conclusions
References
Part II: Natural Raw Materials as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds
Selected Medicinal Plants as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds
Introduction
Plants as Raw Material
Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites
Characteristics of Essential Oils and Obtaining Methods
Polyphenols: Sources and Properties
Plant Alkaloids
Saponins as the Biologically Active Compounds
More Important Methodology for the Isolation and Determination of Active Substances in Plant Raw Materials
Conclusions
References
Metabolomic Analyses of Natural Medicinal Products
Introduction
Analytical Methods Used in the Analysis of Biologically Active Compounds of Natural Origin
Natural Materials with Potential Healing Properties
Aloe vera
Cannabis sativa
Lucilia sericata
Chorthippus spp.
Cod Liver Oil
Manuka Honey
Conclusions
References
Chiral Flavonoids: Methods of Enantioseparation and Extraction of Polyphenol Mixtures
Introduction
Flavonoids: Structure and Classification
Flavonoid Enantiomers: In Bioanalytics
Analytics of Chiral Flavonoids
Analytics of Non-chiral Flavonoids
Separation of Polyphenols from Plant Material
Purification of Plant Extracts
Determination of Polyphenols in Plant Extracts
Conclusions
References
Determination of Plant Phenolic Compounds in Biological Samples
Introduction
Characteristics of Plant Phenolic Compounds
Antioxidant Activity
Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility
Analytical Methods Used for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Biological Samples
Sample Preparation
Methods for the Determination of Plant Phenolic Compounds
Conclusions
References
Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemical Analysis
Introduction
Characteristics of Thin-Layer Chromatography
One-Dimensional Techniques
Micro-Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography
Other Planar Techniques
OPLC in Plant Extract Analysis
RPC (Circular TLC) in Plant Analysis
Chromatographic ``Fingerprints´´ of Plant Materials by TLC Method
Image Processing Techniques in the TLC Analysis of Plant Extracts
Investigation of Antioxidant Properties by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Detection of Selected Enzyme Inhibitors
Detection of Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinoesterase Inhibitors
Detection of α- and β-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Detection of the Other Enzymes
Detection of Compounds with Antibacterial Aactivity
Bioautographic Methods
Bacteria Strains Used in Bioautographic Detection
Documentation of Bioautograms and Analysis of Data
Analytical Application of Bioautograohic Methods
Conclusions
References
Mechanisms of Plant Defense and Trade-Offs Between Them: Bioanalytics in Chemistry and Biology
Introduction
Mechanisms of Plant Defense
Mechanical and Chemical Means of Protection
Plant Secondary Metabolites and Importance of Their Chemical Analysis
Case Study: Chemical Defense of Wild and Domesticated Tomato Species (Solanaceae)
Conclusion
References
Metal-Based Nanomaterials in Biological Matrices
Introduction
Metal Nanomaterials and Their Presence in Biological Matrices
Metal Nanomaterials in Plant Tissues
Theranostic Nanomaterials
Imaging of Metal-Based Nanomaterial in Plant Tissues and Physiological Materials
Microscopic Techniques
Spectroscopic/Spectrometric Techniques
Characterization of Metal-Based Nanomaterials and Their Species in Plant Tissues and Physiological Materials
Spectrometric/Spectroscopic Techniques (ICP-MS, ICP-OES, SP-ICP-MS, XANES, DLS)
The Hyphenated Techniques (CE-/HPLC-/HDC-/FFF-ICP-MS/OES)
Conclusions
References
Bioanalytics as a Tool Supporting the Functional Food Development
Introduction
Development of Functional Food
The Use of Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Biologically Active Compounds
Identification of Low-Molecular-Weight Selenium Compounds
Methodology for Identifying Unknown Compounds
Identification of Selenium-Containing Proteins
Conclusion
References
Chemical Composition of Insect Surface Waxes: Biological Functions and Analytics
Introduction
Biological Functions of Insect Surface Waxes
Protection Against Water Loss
Chemical Communication: Pheromones
Defense Against Entomopathogenic Microorganisms
Analysis of Surface Waxes
Extraction of Surface Waxes
Separation of Waxes into Individual Groups
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Conclusions
References
New Methodological and Apparatus Solutions in Bioanalytical
Quality by Design in Bioanalytics
Introduction
Quality Control
Quality Management
Quality by Design (QbD)
QbD Concept
Design of Experiments (DoE)
Quality Planning in Laboratory Practice
Some Examples from Laboratory Practice
Conclusions
References
Lab-on-a-Chip Systems for Biomedical Analysis
Introduction
Materials Used for the Fabrication of Microsystems
Silicon
Glass
Polymers
Paper
Selected Technologies Used for the Fabrication of Microsystems
Photolithography
Replication Methods
Mechanical Methods
Structural Elements of Microsystems
Micro-Pumps
Micro-Valves
Micromixers
Micro-Droplet Generators
Detectors
Examples of Microsystems Applications
Nucleic Acid Analysis
ELISA
Cell Culture, Cell Interaction, and Migration Studies
Disease-, Organ-, Body-on-a-Chip System
Point-of-Care (POC) Microsystems
Conclusions
References
Miniaturization in Separation Techniques
Introduction
Equipment Issues
Monolithic Columns
Polymer Monoliths
Silica Monoliths
Hybrid Monoliths
Monolithic Beds in Sample Preparation
Summary
References
Introduction to Biosensors
Introduction
Principles of (Bio)Sensors Operation
Biological Receptors
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Antibodies
Other Biological Recognition Materials
Immobilizing Composites
Use of Carbon Nanostructures
Use of Conducting Polymers
Use of Metal Nanoparticles and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles
Other Materials Enriching Biosensor Matrices
Detection Techniques
Optical Detection
Electrochemical Detection
Other Detection Techniques
Conclusions
References
Voltammetric Biosensors in Bioanalysis
Introduction
Definition of Biosensor and Its Construction
The Mechanisms of Analytical Signal Generations
Sensors Based on Freely Diffusing Redox Markers
Genosensors
The Sensor Destined for the Determination of Sulfate Anions
Immunosensors
Genosensors with ssDNA Probe Functionalized with Redox-Active Marker (E-DNA)
Sensors Based on Redox-Active Monolayers
Development Prospects and Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors
Summary
References
Application of Solid Carbon Electrodes in Voltammetric (Bio)analysis of Selected Cytostatic Drugs
Introduction
Anticancer Drugs and Their Classification
Alkylating Agents and Alkylating-Like Agents
Antimetabolic Agents
Antitumor Antibiotics
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Mitotic Inhibitors
Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Analytical Techniques Used for the Determination of Anticancer Drugs
Carbon-Based Working Electrodes Used in the Voltammetric Analysis of Anticancer Drugs
Graphite Electrodes
Carbon Paste Electrodes
Glassy Carbon Electrodes
Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes
Screen-Printed Electrodes
Tested Biological Materials
Urine
Blood (Plasma, Serum)
Voltammetric Methods in the Determination of Selected Anticancer Drugs Using Carbon-Based Electrodes
Conclusions
References
Laser Ablation Microsampling with ICP-MS Detection for Multielemental Bioimaging of Clinical Samples
Introduction
The Aim of the Studies on Elemental Distribution Visualization
Endogenous Element Distribution
Iatrogenic Element Distribution
The LA-ICP-MS as an Analytical Tool
Preparation of Clinical Samples Prior to LA-ICP-MS Measurements
Calibration
Conclusion
References
Spectroscopic Techniques in Research of Biocolloids
Introduction
Proteins
Biocolloids
Double Electric Layer
Zeta Potential
Dispersion Stability
Electrokinetic Theories
Metal-Protein Interactions
Consequences of Metal-Protein Interactions
Metalloproteins
Metallocomplexes
Nanoparticles
The Nature of the Biosorption of Low Molecular Weight Compounds and Metal Ions by Microorganisms
Future Perspectives
References
Modern Approaches for Microorganisms´ Identification
Introduction
Identification of Microorganisms
Microscopic Techniques
Culture Characteristics of the Bacteria
Examination of the Biochemical Profiles of Bacteria
Intraspecies Typing of Bacteria
Automated, Semiautomated, and Miniaturized Microbial Identification Systems
Chromatographic Methods in Microorganisms´ Identification
Molecular Methods for Genotyping
Biological Microarrays in Microbiology
Spectrometric Techniques
Biocolloids
Electromigration Techniques in Microbiology
Development Prospects
Summary
References
Capillary Electrophoresis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Context of Selected Bioanalytical Applications ...
Introduction
The Basics of the RGB Model
Method Color
Method Brilliance
Determination of the CS Value for Primary Colors
Evaluation Algorithm (Excel Spreadsheet)
Comparison of Selected Methods Using HPLC and CE
General Information
Determination of Anti-HIV Drugs in the Urine of AIDS Patients
Determination of Cotinine as a Marker of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke
Discussion
Comparison of HPLC and CE
The Potential of the RGB Model as an Evaluation Tool
Conclusions
References
Analytical Methods in Biomonitoring
Analytical Challenges in the Ecotoxicology of Emerging Environmental Pollutants
Introduction
Pharmaceuticals
Biomonitoring of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
Analytical Challenges
Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquids and the Environment
Analytical Challenges
Microplastics
Microplastics and the Environment
Analytical Challenges
Conclusions
References
Non-targeted Analysis as a Tool for Searching Transformation Products
Introduction
Comparison of Targeted and Non-targeted Analysis: Advantages, Limitations, and Potential Applications
New Analytical Techniques for the Needs of Non-targeted Analysis
Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in NTA
Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in NTA
Interpretation of the Obtained Data
Strategies for Non-targeted Analysis for Detecting Unknown Compounds in Environmental Samples
Conclusions
References
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Water Environment: Analytics and Impact on Living Organisms
Introduction
Legal Regulations
Sources and Pathways of EDCs Migration in the Environment
Chemical Analysis Methods
Analytical Problems of EDCs Determination in Environmental Samples
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters
The Occurrence of EDCs in Municipal Wastewaters
The Fate of EDCs in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Increasing the Efficiency of EDC Removal
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Landfill Leachates and Groundwater
The Occurrence of EDCs in Landfill Leachates and Groundwater
Impact on Living Organisms
Environmental Risk Assessment
Reference
Analytical Methods Used in Biotransformation Studies of Organophosphonates
Introduction
The Origin of Organophosphonic Xenobiotics Present in Ecosystems
Transformations of Phosphonic Derivatives in the Environment
Adverse Effects of Phosphonates in the Environment
Analytical Methods Useful for the Determination of Phosphonate Compounds
Conclusions
References
Selected Microextraction Techniques Using Ionic Liquids in the Study of Biologically Active Compounds
Introduction
Ionic Liquids: New-Generation Solvents
Microextraction Techniques Using IL to Isolate and Enrich Analytes from Biologically Active Samples
Single-Drop Microextraction Using an Ionic Liquid
Microextraction Through the Membrane into the Liquid Phase
Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with the Use of Ionic Liquids
In Situ Dispersion Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with the Use of Ionic Liquids
Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with the Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with the Use of Magnetic Ionic Liquids
Conclusions
References
Analysis of Cosmetic Products in Biological Matrices
Introduction
Noninvasive Sampling Techniques to Determine the Exposure Biomarkers
In Vivo Bioanalysis of Skin Tolerance to Cosmetics (Dermatological Tests)
Cosmetic Activity Tests
Investigation of Endogenous Compounds in Skin Tissue Fragments
Exogenous Active Compounds
Types of Transepidermal Transport
Factors Influencing the Active Ingredient Transport
Investigation of Active Ingredients
In Vitro Tests
DESI-MSI: Innovative Approach to Study Permeability of Active Ingredients Through the Skin
Lipidomic Evaluation
Screening of Lipid Composition in Skin Sebum, Sweat, Hair Sebum, and Hair
Eicosanoids/Inflammatory Markers in Surface Biopsies/Lipids
Composition of Phospholipids/Ceramides in Biopsies/Surface Skin Layers/Cells
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples
Qualitative Analysis of Odor Molecules in Biological Samples for Assessment of the Effectiveness of Antiperspirants, Deodorant...
Effectiveness of Antiperspirants
Gravimetric Methods
Water Evaporation Method
Electrodermal Methods
Water Staining Methods
Dyes for Injection
Effectiveness of Deodorants
Sweat Collection
Volatile Compounds Collection and Analysis
Summary
References
Biomonitoring of Human Exposure to Fluorine
Introduction
Sources of Fluorine for Humans
Inorganic Fluorides
Organofluorine Compounds
Biological Effects of Fluoride Ions and Organofluorine Compounds
Biomarkers of Fluorine
Blood
Urine
Human Milk
Nails
Hair
Bones
Conclusions
References
Biosorption: An Efficient Tool for the Separation, Preconcentration, and Speciation Analysis of Trace Metals in Biological ...
Introduction
Principles of Biosorption Process
Evaluation of Biosorption Performance
Factors Affecting the Biosorption Process
Application of Microorganisms in Chemical Analysis
Conclusions
References
Mercury in Living Organisms: Sources and Forms of Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Determination Methods
Introduction
Properties of Mercury
Sources of Mercury in Aquatic Organisms
Forms of Mercury in Organisms
Bioaccumulation of Mercury in the Trophic Chain
Concentration Levels of Mercury and Its Compounds
Analytical Methods Used in the Determination of Mercury and Its Compounds
Conclusions
References
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Useful Sorbents for Bioanalysis
Introduction
Molecular Imprinting Technique
Types of Imprinting
Components of the Polymerization Mixture Determining the Formation of a Three-Dimensional Polymer Network
Polymerization Reaction Methods
Bulk Polymerization
Precipitation Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Modification of the Surface Layer
Extraction Techniques Using Sorbents Based on Molecularly Imprinted Materials
Solid-Phase Extraction Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Solid-Phase Microextraction Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Microextraction by Packed Sorbent Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Extraction with a Moving Sorption Element Modified with a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction
Other Extraction Techniques
Advantages and Limitations of the Use of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Preparation of Samples in Bioanalysis
Summary
References
Neutron Activation Analysis: Application in Bioanalytical Sciences
Introduction
Neutron Activation Analysis
Conclusions
References
Index