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The science of genetics is less than 150 years old, but its accomplishments within that short time have been aston ishing. Gregor Mendel first described genes as abstract units of inheritance in 1865; his work was ignored and then rediscovered in 1900. Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students provided experimental verification of the idea that genes reside within chromosomes during the years 1910–1920. By 1944, Oswald Avery and his coworkers had established that genes are made of DNA. James
Watson and Francis Crick published their pathbreaking structure of DNA in 1953. Remarkably, less than 50 years later (in 2001), an international consortium of investiga tors deciphered the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides in the human genome. Twentieth-century genetics made it possible to identify individual genes and to understand a great deal about their functions.
Today, scientists are able to access the enormous amounts of genetic data generated by the sequencing of many organisms’ genomes. Analysis of these data will re sult in a deeper understanding of the complex molecular interactions within and among vast networks of genes, pro teins, and other molecules that help bring organisms to life. Finding new methods and tools for analyzing these data will be a significant part of genetics in the twenty-first century
Basic Principles: How Traits Are Transmitted
Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
Extensions to Mendel’s Laws
Chromosomes and Inheritance
Sex Chromosomes
Linkage, Recombination, and Gene Mapping
What Genes Are and What They Do
DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination
Mutation
Using Mutations to Study Genes
Gene Expression: The Flow of Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
Analysis of Genetic Information
Digital Analysis of DNA
Genome Annotation
Analyzing Genomic Variation
How Genes Travel on Chromosomes
The Eukaryotic Chromosome
Chromosomal Rearrangements
Ploidy
Bacterial Genetics
Organellar Inheritance
How Genes Are Regulated
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
Epigenetics
Using Genetics
Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes
Genetic Analysis of Development
The Genetics of Cancer
Beyond the Individual Gene and Genome
Variation and Selection in Populations
Genetic Analysis of Complex Traits