Textbook in PDF format

This fully updated second edition of Introduction to Holography provides a theoretical background in optics and holography with a comprehensive survey of practical applications. It is intended for the non-specialist with an interest in using holographic methods in research and engineering.
The text assumes some knowledge of electromagnetism, although this is not essential for an understanding of optics, which is covered in the first two chapters. A descriptive approach to the history and principles of holography is followed by a chapter on volume holography. Essential practical requirements for successful holographic recording are explained in detail. Recording materials are considered with detailed discussions of those in common use. Properties peculiar to holographically reconstructed images are emphasised as well as applications for which holography is particularly suitable. Mathematical tools are introduced as and when required throughout the text with important results derived in detail. In this new edition, topics such as photopolymers, dynamic holographic displays, holographic optical elements, sensors, and digital holography are covered in greater depth. New topics have been added, including UV and infrared holography, holographic authentication and encryption, as well as particle beam, X-ray, and acoustic holography. Numerical problems are provided at the end of each chapter.
This book is suitable for undergraduate courses and will be an important resource for those teaching optics and holography. It provides scientists and engineers with knowledge of a wide range of holographic applications in research and industry, as well as an understanding of holography’s potential for future use.
Acknowledgements
Optics
Light Waves and Rays
Description of Light Waves
Spatial Frequency
The Equation of a Plane Wave
Non-planar Wavefronts
Geometrical Optics
The Thin Lens
Spherical Mirror
Refraction and Reflection
Reflection, Refraction, and the Fresnel Equations
Reflection and Refraction
The Fresnel Equations
Electric Field Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence
Electric Field Parallel to the Plane of Incidence
Anti-reflection Coatings
Total Internal Reflection and Evanescent Waves
Intensity Reflection and Transmission Ratios
Introduction to Spatial Filtering
Phase Contrast Imaging
Problems
Physical Optics
Diffraction
The Diffraction Grating
Single Slit
Double Slit
The Diffraction Grating (Multiple Slits)
Resolution and Resolving Power
Circular Aperture
Diffraction and Spatial Fourier Transformation
Phase Effect of a Thin Lens
Fourier Transformation by a Lens
Fourier Transform Property of a Lens—A Physical Argument
Interference by Division of Amplitude
Coherence
Production of Light
The Bandwidth of Light Sources
Spatial Coherence
Polarized Light
Plane Polarized Light
Other Polarization States
Production of Linearly Polarized Light by Reflection and Transmission
Anisotropy and Birefringence
Birefringent Polarizers and Polarizing Beamsplitters
Problems
Principles of Holography
Introducing Holography
Introduction Difference between Two Spatial Frequencies
Recording and Reconstruction of a Simple Diffraction Grating
Amplitude Gratings
Phase Gratings
Generalised Recording and Reconstruction
A Short History of Holography
X-ray Diffraction
Diffraction and Fourier Transformation
Electron Microscopy and the First Holograms
Photographic Emulsions and Gabor Holography
Simple Theory of Holography
Holographic Recording
Amplitude Holograms
Gabor (In-Line) Holography
Off-Axis Holography
Phase Conjugacy
Phase Holograms
Problems
Volume Holography
Volume Holography and Coupled Wave Theory
Thick Holographic Diffraction Gratings
Light Waves in a Dielectric Medium
Light Waves in a Dielectric Medium with a Grating
Characteristics of Thick Holographic Gratings
Transmission Gratings
Phase Transmission Gratings
Q and ρ Parameters
Unslanted Amplitude Gratings
Unslanted Reflection Gratings
Unslanted Reflection Phase Gratings
Reflection Amplitude Gratings
Rigorous Coupled-Wave Theory
A Simpler Approach
Bandwidth
Diffraction Efficiency
Problems
Holography in Practice
Requirements for Holography
Coherence
The Michelson Interferometer
Lasers
The Fabry-Perot Interferometer, Etalon, and Cavity
Stimulated Emission and the Optical Amplifier
Laser Systems
Gas Lasers
The Helium-Neon Laser
Argon Ion Lasers
Krypton Ion Lasers
Helium-Cadmium Lasers
Exciplex Lasers
Solid State Lasers
Semiconductor Diode Lasers
Quantum Cascade Lasers
Doped Crystal Lasers
Ruby Lasers
Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Lasers
Titanium Sapphire Lasers
Dye Lasers
Q-switched Lasers
Frequency Doubled Lasers
Free Electron Lasers
Mode Locking of Lasers
Spatial Coherence of Lasers
Laser Safety
Mechanical Stability
Thermal Stability
Checking for Stability
Resolution of the Recording Material
Good Practice in Hologram Recording
Problems
Practical Recording Materials
Silver Halide
Available Silver Halide Materials
Processing of Silver Halide to Obtain an Amplitude Hologram
Processing to Obtain a Phase Hologram – Rehalogenation
Processing to Obtain a Phase Hologram – Reversal Bleaching
Silver Halide Processing in Practice
Dichromated Gelatin
Thermoplastics
Photoresists
Self-processing Recording Materials
Photochromic and Photodichroic Materials
Photorefractives
Nonlinear Optical Materials
Photopolymers
Photopolymerisation Using Acrylamide Monomer
Mechanism of Hologram Formation in Photopolymer
Mathematical Models of Holographic Grating Formation in Acrylamide Photopolymer
The Two-way Diffusion Model
Single-beam Recording in Photopolymer
Advances in Photopolymers for Holographic Recording
Other Recording Materials
Problems
Recording and Reconstruction in Practice
Holographic Sensitivity
Non-linear Effects
Non-linearity in an Amplitude Hologram
Non-linearity in Phase Holograms
Grain Noise
Reduction in Fringe Contrast
Noise Gratings
Measurement of Noise Spectrum
The Speckle Effect
The Origin of Speckle
Speckle Size
Speckle Contrast
Signal-to-noise Ratio in Holography
Experimental Evaluation of Holographic Characteristics
Diffraction Efficiency
Shrinkage
Effects Arising from Dissimilarities between Reference Beams in Recording and Reconstruction
Phase Conjugation Effects
Reconstruction Using Non-Laser Light
Problems
Applications
Holographic Displays
Single-beam Holographic Display
Spatial Filtering
Split-beam Holographic Displays
Control of Beam Ratio in Split-beam Holography
Use of Beamsplitters
Polarizing Beamsplitters and Halfwave Plates
Benton Holograms
Image Plane Holography
Single-step Image Plane Rainbow Holography
Blur in Reconstructed Images from Rainbow Holograms
White Light Denisyuk Holograms
Wide Field Holography
Colour Holograms
Edge-lit Holograms
Large-format Holographic Displays
Quantum Entanglement Holography
Dynamic Three-dimensional Displays
Light Field Displays
Holographic Displays
Photorefractive Polymer Systems
Spatial Light Modulator-based Dynamic Holographic Displays
Acousto-optic Modulation
Other SLM-based Systems
Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators
Magneto-optic SLMs
Digital Micromirror Arrays
Metasurfaces
Tiled Holographic Displays Using LCSLMs
Further Developments in SLM-based Holographic Systems
Reduced Pixel Size
Scanning Systems
Dynamic Displays Using Speckle Fields
Cascading SLMs for Complex Amplitude
Problems
Other Imaging Applications
Holographic Imaging of Three-Dimensional Spaces
Further Applications of Phase Conjugation
Lensless Image Formation
Dispersion Compensation
Distortion and Aberration Correction
Multiple Imaging
Total Internal Reflection and Evanescent Wave Holography
Evanescent Waves in Diffracted Light
Diffracted Evanescent Wave Holography
Problems
Holographic Interferometry
Basic Principle
Phase Change Due to Object Displacement
Fringe Localisation
Pure Translation
In-plane Rotation
Out-of-plane Rotation
Live Fringe Holographic Interferometry
Frozen Fringe Holographic Interferometry
Compensation for Rigid Body Motion Accompanying Loading
Double Pulse Holographic Interferometry
Holographic Interferometry of Vibrating Objects
Time-averaged Holographic Interferometry
Live Holographic Interferometry of a Vibrating Object
Double Exposure with Phase Shift
Frequency Modulation of the Reference Wave
Stroboscopic Methods
Surface Profilometry
Surface Profiling by Change in Wavelength
Refractive Index Method
Change in Direction of Illumination
Phase Conjugate Holographic Interferometry
Fringe Analysis
Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Speckle Pattern Correlation Interferometry
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Fringe Analysis in Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Vibration Studies Using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry Systems
Digital Speckle Shearing Interferometry
Digital Holographic and Speckle Interferometry Using Infrared Lasers
Problems
Holographic Optical Elements
Diffraction Gratings
Spectral Filters
Lenses
HOEs for Light-emitting Diodes
Diffusers
Beamsplitters and Beam Combiners
Head-up Displays
Beamsplitter and Combiner for an ESPI System
Polarizing Beamsplitters
Scanners
Lighting Control and Solar Concentrators
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Optical Interconnects
Holographic Interconnects
Fan-out Devices
Space Variant Interconnects
Holographic Projection Screens
Photonic Bandgap Devices
Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Devices
Waveguiding HOEs
Edge-lit HOEs
Problems
Holographic Data Storage and Information Processing
Holographic Data Storage Capacity
Bit Format and Page Format
Storage Media
Multiplexing
Angular Multiplexing
Peristrophic Multiplexing
Polytopic Multiplexing
Shift Multiplexing
Wavelength Multiplexing
Phase-coded Reference Beam Multiplexing
Diffuser-based Random Phase Coding
Deterministic Phase Coding
Phase-coded Data
Error Avoidance
Exposure Scheduling
Data and Image Processing
Associative Recall
Data Processing with Optical Fourier Transforms
Defect Detection
Optical Character Recognition
Joint Transform Correlation
Addition and Subtraction
Edge Enhancement
Image Recovery
Optical Logic
Holographic Optical Neural Networks
Magnetic Holographic Storage
Quantum Holographic Data Storage
Problems
Digital Holography
Spatial Frequency Bandwidth and Sampling Requirements
Bandwidth in Digital Fourier Holography
Bandwidth in Digital Fresnel Holography
Recording and Numerical Reconstruction
The Fresnel Method
The Convolution Method
The Angular Spectrum Method
Suppression of the Zero Order and the Twin Image
Removal of Zero-Order Term by Image Processing
Shuttering
Phase Shift Methods
Heterodyne Method
Improving the Resolution in Digital Holography
Digital Holographic Microscopy
Multiple Wavelength Method
Optical Coherence Tomography and Digital Holographic Microscopy
Optical Scanning and Non-scanning Digital Holographic Microscopy
Wavelength-coded Microscopy
Autofocusing in Reconstruction
Other Applications of Digital Holography
Digital Holographic Shearing Microscopy
Single-pixel Imaging and Single-pixel Digital Holography
Single-pixel Imaging
Compressive Single-pixel Imaging
Imaging through Diffusing Media
Single-pixel Holography
Problems
Computer-Generated Holograms
Methods of Representation
Binary Detour – Phase Method
The Kinoform
Referenceless Off-axis Computed Hologram (ROACH)
Three-dimensional Objects
Optical Testing
Optical Testing Using Computer-generated Holograms
Computer-generated Interferograms
Optical Traps and Computer-generated Holographic Optical Tweezers
Optical Trapping
Holographic Optical Tweezers
Other Forms of Optical Traps
Bessel Mode
Helical Modes
Applications of Holographic Optical Tweezers
Problems
Holography and the Behaviour of Light
Theory of Light-in-Flight Holography
Reflection and Other Phenomena
Extending the Record
Applications of Light-in-Flight Holography
Contouring
Particle Velocimetry
Testing of Optical Fibres
Imaging through Scattering Media
Problems
Polarization Holography
Description of Polarized Light
Jones Vectors and Matrix Notation
Stokes Parameters
Photoinduced Anisotropy
Transmission Polarization Holography
Linearly Polarized Recording Waves
Circularly Polarized Recording Waves
Polarization Diffraction Grating Stokesmeter
Recording Waves with Parallel Linear Polarizations
Reflection Polarization Holographic Gratings
Photoanisotropic Recording Materials for Polarization Holography
Surface Relief
Applications of Polarization Holography
Holographic Display
Polarization Holographic Data Storage
Multiplexing and Logic
Electrically Switchable Devices
Problems
Holographic Sensing
Basic Principles
Theory
Surface Relief Gratings
Volume Phase Transmission Holographic Gratings
Volume Phase Reflection Holographic Gratings
Sensors Based on Silver Halide and Related Materials
Photopolymer-based Sensors
Humidity, Temperature, and Pressure Sensing
Humidity
Hybrid Grating-Cantilever Systems for Humidity Sensing
Temperature
Pressure
Nanozeolite Doped Photopolymer Sensors
Other Holographic Sensors and Sensing Mechanisms
Sensing by Hologram Formation
Wavefront Sensing
Aberration Modes
Holographic Wavefront Sensing
Wavefront Sensing Using the Speckle Memory Effect
Problems
Ultraviolet and Infrared Holography
UV Holography
IR Holography
Holographic Authentication and Encryption
Authentication Using a Hologram
Authentication of Mass-produced Holograms
Mass Production of Serialised Holograms
Encryption of Single Holograms
SLM-based Encryption
Space-based Techniques
Phase Shift-based Decryption of Digital Holograms
Problem
X-ray Holography
Single Energy X-ray Holography
Multiple Energy X-ray Fluorescence Holography
Optical Components
Mirrors
Fresnel Zone Plates
Refractive Components
In-line (Gabor) X-ray Holography
Fourier Holography and Lensless Fourier Holography
Problems
Electron and Neutron Holography
The Transmission Electron Microscope
Holography using a TEM
Electron Holography and the Magnetic Aharonov-Bohm Effect
Neutron Holography
Acoustic Holography
Recording Materials and Methods
Hologram Plane Scanning
Applications of Acoustic Holography
Non-destructive Testing
Medical Imaging
Seismology
Holographic Acoustic Tweezers
Problems
Appendix A The Fresnel-Kirchoff Integral
Appendix B The Convolution Theorem