Textbook in PDF format

Preface
Acknowledgements
Essential Background Knowledge
Overview
What Is Dementia?
How Common Is Dementia?
Diagnosis of Dementia and Dementia Subtypes
Similarities and differences between dementia/major neurocognitive disorder and mild cognitiveimpairment/minor neurocognitive disorder: DSM-V
Toxic Agents
Different forms of dementia and associated proteinopathy
Mixed Dementia
Risk Factors and Protective Factors
Dementia and Age: An Accumulation of Events
Examples of average age of onset for different dementia types
Genetics and Epigenetics
Blood Supply
Inflammation
Sleep and the Glymphatic System
Cognitive Reserve and Thresholds for Dementia
Connectomics
How Important Is Differential Diagnosis?
The Role of Imaging and Biomarkers
The Scope of This Book
Key Points
References
Diagnosing Dementia
Diagnosis and Formulation
Expert and Novice Diagnosticians
Establishing a Context
Differences between expert and novice emergency doctors, taken from Shubert et al. (2013)
Suggested relevant information to collect when taking a clinical history to establish a context
Establishing Whether Someone Has Dementia?
Evidence for Cognitive Impairment
Examples of cognitive screening instruments in common use
Establishing a Change in Everyday Function
Examples of instruments to assess function
Dementia Severity
Things to Consider Other Than Dementia
Delirium
Mental Health Problems
Medication
Sensory Impairment
Medical Problems
Imaging
Examples of bio-markers which may be important when considering possible causes of cognitive decline
Key Points
Appendix A Case Studies
Case Study: LL
Presentation
Educational and Occupational Background
Case Study: BS
Presentation
Educational and Occupational Background
Activities of Daily Living
Cognitive Assessment
Medical History
Imaging Data
Lifestyle Factors
Family History
Blood Tests
Conclusions
Appendix B Dementia Checklist
Appendix C MCI/Dementia Decision Tree
References
Functional Neuroanatomy
Circuits: A General Principle of Brain Organisation
Neurons, Axons, and Dendrites
Example of a neuron.
Grey Matter and White Matter
Basal ganglia in relation to the cortex.
The Cortex
Motor and sensory regions of the cortex.
Cognitive Processes and Associated Circuits
Perception
Language
Memory
Original structures thought to be involved in the Papez circuit
Attention
Sagittal view of the brain, illustrating the locations of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontalcortex and cingulate cortex.
Executive Function
Emotion/Affect
Key Points
References
Neuropsychological Assessmentin Dementia Diagnosis
Who Can Undertake a Neuropsychological Assessment?
When Is a Neuropsychological Assessment Required?
Assumptions Underlying Neuropsychological Assessment
Psychometrics
The normal distribution, showing the relationship between standard deviations, z scores, and T scores.
Types of Scores
Standard scores which are likely to be encountered in clinical practice
Corresponding index scores, scaled scores, percentiles, and classifications
How to Tell If a Score Is Significant?
Estimating Premorbid Ability
Base Rates
Evaluating Change
Table 4.3 Aspects of cognitive function to cover as part of a neuropsychological assessment
What Should Be Covered in a Neuropsychological Assessmentfor Dementia?
Test Selection
Performance Validity
Key Points
Appendix D Formulas and Calculations
References
Diagnosing Different Types of Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Prevalence and Incidence
European prevalence rates for Alzheimer’sDisease in different age ranges
North American prevalence rates forAlzheimer’s Disease in different age ranges
European incidence rates for Alzheimer’s Disease in different ageranges
European incidence rates for Alzheimer’s Disease in different age ranges
Time Course and the DAT Continuum
Pathology
A proposed continuum to describe the progression of DAT (Aisen et al., 2017)
Genetics
Diagnostic Criteria
Neuropsychological Assessment
Most Sensitive Tests for Alzheimer’s Disease
Atypical Presentations
Posterior Cortical Atrophy
Vascular Dementia
Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinson’sDisease and Parkinson’s Dementia,and Parkinson’s Plus
Frontotemporal Dementia
Alcohol-Related Brain Damage
Intervention
Cognitive Rehabilitation
PharmacologicalInterventions
Reducing Risk Factors for MildCognitive Impairment and EarlyDementia
Recent Developments/Contemporary Issues
Biomarkers and Imaging
Dementia and Mental Capacity
Index