Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels
by Committee on Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences and National Research Council
National Academies Press | March 2013 | ISBN-10: 0309268524 | PDF | 170 pages | 16.7 mb 
https://www.amazon.com/Transitions-Alternative-Vehicles-Fuels-Committee/dp/0309268524 
https://www.national-academies.org

For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs) operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns over petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. This report assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80% across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. It examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, effective, and sustained but adaptive policies such as research and development (R&D), subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers such as cost and consumer choice.

CONTENTS
OVERVIEW 1
SUMMARY 2
1 INTRODUCTION 11
2 ALTERNATIVE VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES: STATUS, POTENTIAL, AND BARRIERS 15
3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS 42
4 CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND BARRIERS 77
5 MODELING THE TRANSITION TO ALTERNATIVE VEHICLES AND FUELS 89
6 POLICIES FOR REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS FROM AND PETROLEUM USE BY LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES 131
7 POLICY OPTIONS 152
APPENDIXES 163